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Archive-name: dogs-faq/breeds/newfies Posting-frequency: 30 days Last-modified: 09 Nov 1994 This is a regularly posted faq and appears every thirty days in rec.pets.dogs and news.answers. The latest version of this file is a hypertext document available via the Web at http://io.com/user/tittle/dogs-faq/breeds/homepage.html The most recently posted ASCII version of this file is available via anonymous ftp to rtfm.mit.edu in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers/dogs-faq/breeds It is also available via email: check the weekly posting Cindy Tittle Moore (tittle@netcom.com) puts out entitled "Complete List of rec.pets.dogs FAQs" for details. NEWFOUNDLANDS Author * Sharon Hope [fullspec@kaiwan.com] Created May 12, 1994. _________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents * How is the Newfoundland with children? * Are they protective of the home and family? * What kind of exercise do they need? * Do they eat a lot? * Do they drool? * Do they shed? * How long do they live? * What health problems are particular to the breed? * Are they just black Saint Bernards? * The Newfoundland is in the Working Dog group, why? * Why is the Newfoundland also called the Lifeguard Dog? * What does the Newfoundland do as a ship dog? * What draft work did the Newfoundland do? * What is the Standard for Excellence for the Newfoundland? * What is the AKC parent club of the Newfoundland? * What does the application for NCA membership ask for? * What are the Rescue and Regional club contacts? * Where can I read more on Newfoundlands? * How does the color inheritance work in the Newfoundlands? * What about playing roughhouse with the pup? * What about training? * What is Lord Byron's poem? _________________________________________________________________ How is the Newfoundland with children? The Newf is renowned for his gentleness, protectiveness and love for children. He is tolerant of behavior by children far beyond that which would make other breeds snap or walk away. Because of this he is ideally suited to being a child's companion, but the adult must accept the duty to protect the Newfie from abuse by the child. It is no accident that the Nana in the original Peter Pan was a Newfoundland. The tranquil nature of the Newfoundland has been found to have such an excellent effect on hyperactive children that there was a clinical study done in the 1970s using Newfoundlands as a part of the therapy. Are they protective of the home and family? Yes, the Newfoundland, like other giant breeds, descends in part from the Tibetan Mastiff. Mastiff-type dogs have been guarding home and hearth for over 2,600 years of recorded history. The Newfie is a little more laid-back in its protectiveness as compared to other breeds. He is less likely to put on a show of barking & growling, relying instead on his size and concerned watchfullness to send a message to an unwanted intruder. It is very typical that a Newf will stand physically between his family and any stranger. He will not threaten nor growl, merely remain in a position which indicates that he is on duty. He will not hesitate to act, however, if his family is physically threatened. The Newf has sufficient intelligence to recognize a dangerous situation. There are many documented accounts of people being saved by the family Newfoundland from gas leak, fire, and other dangers. They are most well known for their powerful lifeguard instincts and have many hundreds of documented rescues to their credit. They have been known not to allow people into the deep end of the swimming pool until they are satisfied that they can swim well enough to venture in over their heads. People with children and pools find that the Newf watches the children every second they are in the water. What kind of exercise do they need? The grown Newfoundland does not require a great deal of exercise. They can become couch potatoes quite easily, but are willing and able to accompany you in more strenuous pursuits. A Newf should never allowed to become fat, as this will significantly shorten an already too short life span. Regular exercise (brisk daily walks on lead) is a must for adults. Do they eat a lot? During their first year, Newfoundlands grow from about a pound to over a hundred pounds. They require plenty of food to support such rapid growth. Once they reach adulthood, however, they have a very low metabolism, and Newfie owners find that their dog food bills are lower than those of friends with Labs or Shepherds. Overfeeding a Newf puppy, in the hopes of growing a bigger dog, can cause serious orthopedic problems. Remember, a lean Newfoundland is a healthy Newfoundland. Do they drool? Yes, on occasion. Most Newfies drool less than a St. Bernard, for example, but when excited or hot they will drool. When resting and cool they will drool less. It is likely, however, that when a Newfie puts its head into your lap, you may be left with a damp lap. Do they shed? Yes. The undercoat is shed at least once per year, known as "blowing coat." Grooming is extremely important at this time, as the dead coat must be brushed out or mats will form. It is possible to brush out a pile of hair which seems to be equal to the size of the dog being groomed, but this is not an ongoing condition. About ten minutes per day of brushing (a little more during the few weeks of shedding per year) will keep the coat glossy & healthy. Nails should be kept to a short length to protect the feet from splaying. This is particularly important in a giant breed, as the feet support a significant load. Most Newfoundlands shed a LOT in the Spring, and then again in the Fall. The Fall shed is usually less severe then the Spring one. How long do they live? Newfies are a short-lived breed, with 8-10 year survival about average. What health problems are particular to the breed? HIP DYSPLASIA Hip dysplasia is a problem in the breed and can be crippling for a dog of this size. It is highly advisable to buy a puppy only from from OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) certified parentage, or dogs who have had equivalent X-ray certification of their joints (hips and elbows are both a good idea). CARDIAC PROBLEMS Cardiac problems also occur. Newfoundlands have a genetic predisposition for hereditary heart disease known as sub-aortic stenosis (SAS). This disease can result in the premature death of a Newfoundland. Responsible breeders screen their puppies for SAS at 8-12 weeks of age by having a veterinary cardiologist listen to the puppy's heart. All adult Newfs should be recleared of SAS before breeding. PRELIMINARY CARE Naturally, Newfies, like all dogs, must be properly innoculated (see FAQ). Remember that the entire series of shots must have been received before you expose your pup to any other dog, or even any ground an unvaccinated dog may have walked on, as the effectiveness of the innoculations may have been blocked by the immunity provided by the mother for any or all of the shots given earlier in the series. The only way you know that the pup is protected is when he/she has received the last shot of the series. Are they just black Saint Bernards? No, the Newfoundland is a separate breed, but many people compare him with the Saint Bernard and to the all white Great Pyrenees. Newfoundlands actually come in solid Black, solid Bronze, solid Gray, and in Black & White (see the standard). The Newfie's head is a bit more square with a somewhat steeper 'stop' and deeper muzzle than the Pyr, but less of a severe 'stop' and pendulous muzzle that the Saint. While the other two breeds are similar in ancestors, the Pyr has more herding instinct and the Saint is more of a dry-land rescue dog than the Newf. The Newf is the one who excells in water rescue and is a bit more mellow in temperament than the other two. In fact, the Newfoundland came to the rescue of the Saint Bernard breed once when a disease threatened to wipe out all the dogs at the Hospice of Saint Bernard. Newfoundlands were brought in, as the closest in type to the Saint, to cross breed for a short period. The long haired Saint is a product of this infusion of Newfie blood, as all Saint Bernards prior to that time had short hair. The Newfoundland is in the Working Dog group, why? The Newfoundland is a dog which has served man in many capacities. He excells as a companion, protector, babysitter, lifeguard, ship dog, draft animal, pack carrier, natural retriever and obedience dog. In addition to breed and obedience showing, many Newfie owners compete with their dogs in water trials, weight pulls, carting, travois and backpacking events. Why is the Newfoundland also called the Lifeguard Dog? Similar to the Saint Bernard's propensity for rescuing people in the snow, the Newfoundland is renown for its countless rescues of swimmers. In the 1800's two Newfoundland dogs were a required part of the Lifesaving equipment at each of the lifeguard stations around the coast of England. Possessing an instinct for water rescue, the Newfoundland dog is physically well-suited to swimming, with its webbed feet, thick rudder-like tail, water-resistant double coat and its powerful build, strength and stamina. When a swimmer is in trouble but conscious, the Newf will swim out to just beyond the person, then swim close by in the direction of shore (or the shallow end of a swimming pool), and allow the person to grab ahold of any part of his anatomy in order to tow the swimmer to shore with swift powerful swimming strokes. Only in the case of an unconscious swimmer will a Newf grab the swimmer with its mouth, consistently taking the upper arm in its jaws for the tow to safety. This particular hold causes the person to be rolled onto his back with the head out of the water. When a pair of Newfies are working a rescue they will instinctively each take a different arm. A Victorian era painting entitled "Saved", by Sir Edwin Landseer in 1856, and a similar picture "He is Saved" by Currier and Ives depict a Black & White Newfoundland (the black & white variety later came to be known as the Landseer variety) on a beach with a small boy who was just rescued by the dog from drowning, immortalizing this Newfie trait. The Newfoundland was extensively featured in the art of the Victorian age, depicted by Landseer in many paintings and drawings, as well as by other artists. A later painting by Pierre Auguste Renoir in 1878 features a Newfoundland. What does the Newfoundland do as a ship dog? According to This is the Newfoundland, by Mrs. Maynard K. Drury: "The useful work of the Newfoundland for man at sea was so internationally recognized during the era of the sailing ship that reports of their enterprises come from many countries on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Mediterranean Sea. His powerful swimming ability plus his docility and intelligence were great assets to any ship's company, and it became customary to take at least one web-footed Newfoundland on voyages as a 'ship dog.' The specific service he rendered was to swim ashore with a line, thus establishing communication with help on land. Untold numbers of lives were saved because of the swimming help of the 'ship dog' and his ability to find footing on rough rocks in a heavy sea where the best of watermen might not survive. In less rough water he could also haul a small boat ashore by its painter." "In Holland, France, Italy, England and the United States are early records of the Newfoundland in his role of ship dog." The Newfoundland ship dog played a role in the battle of Trafallgar in 1805. A Newf was aboard the Titanic at the time of its sinking. Another Newfoundland ship dog dove off the deck of a boat in the dark and rescued Napoleon Bonaparte when he fell into the water and could not be located by the crew on his return to France from Elba. One Newfie, Tang, was credited with rescuing an entire ship full of people in 1919 and was awarded the medal for Metitorious Service by Lloyds of London. What draft work did the Newfoundland do? The Newfoundland functioned as a draft dog in England and Europe. The book This is the Newfoundland by Mrs. Maynard K. Drury states: "As early as 1824 it was estimated that there were 2,000 Newfoundland dogs in the town of St. Johns and that they were constantly employed. They drew cut wood from the forests for fuel and building purposes, drew loads of fish from the shore and helped to pull in the heavy nets, and they transported all kinds of merchandise from one part of the town to another as well as delivering milk. It has been estimated that during one month of the year 1815 these dogs furnished the town of St. Johns with labor valued at from $4,500 to $5,000 per day, and that a single dog would, by his labor, support his owner throughout the long winter. They were used singly and in teams. Three to five dogs harnessed to a sledge or other vehicle containing a load of firewood, lumber, or fish (280 to 450 pounds) would draw it steadily with ease. This they would do without the aide of a driver, if they knew the road, and having delivered their burden, would return to the home of their master for a reward of dried fish, their staple food. In addition to their less glamorous tasks, the dogs were also used to transport His Majesty's mail from the outposts north of the railway to the railway junctions and from one outpost to another through a chain of settlements. Teams averaging about seven pulled these sledges over frozen marshes, through thick woods, and over trails impossible for even a hardy pony. For this service to the King the Newfoundland dog was honored by having his head made the subject of a postage stamp for his native country." This working ability was put to extensive use by the Allied forces in World War II where the Newfoundland and Great Pyrenees hauled supplies and ammunition in Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, even through blizzards. Backpackers today find the Newf a willing and able companion. The only thing they should not carry is the sleeping bags, as their love of water could turn a stream-crossing into a cold and soggy evening. What is the Standard for Excellence for the Newfoundland? GENERAL APPEARANCE The Newfoundland is a sweet-dispositioned dog that acts neither dull nor ill-tempered. He is a devoted companion. A multipurpose dog, at home on land and in water, the Newfoundland is capable of draft work and possesses natural lifesaving abilities. The Newfoundland is a large, heavily coated, well balanced dog that is deep bodied, heavily boned, muscular, and strong. A good specimen of the breed has dignity and proud head carriage. The following description is that of the ideal Newfoundland. Any deviation from this ideal is to be penalized to the extent of the deviation. Structural and movement faults common to all working dogs are as undesirable in the Newfoundland as in any other breed, even though they are not specifically mentioned herein. SIZE, PROPORTION, SUBSTANCE Average height for adult dogs is 28 inches, for adult bitches, 26 inches. Approximate weight of adult dogs ranges from 130 to 150 pounds, adult bitches from 100 to 120 pounds. The dog's appearance is more massive throughout than the bitch's. Large size is desirable, but never at the expense of balance, structure, and correct gait. The Newfoundland is slightly longer than tall when measured from point of shoulder to point of buttocks and from withers to ground. He is a dog of considerable substance which is determined by spring of rib, strong muscle, and heavy bone. HEAD The head is massive, with a broad skull, slightly arched crown, and strongly developed occipital bone. Cheeks are well developed. Eyes are dark brown. (Browns and Grays may have lighter eyes and should be penalized only to the extent that color affects expression.) They are relatively small, deep-set, and spaced widely apart. Eyelids fit closely with no inversion. Ears are relatively small and triangular with rounded tips. They are set on the skull level with, or slightly above, the brow and lie close to the head. When the ear is brought forward it reaches to the inner corner of the eye on the same side. Expression is soft and reflects the characteristics of the breed: benevolence, intelligence, and dignity. Forehead and face are smooth and free of wrinkles. Slope of the stop is moderate but, because of the well developed brow, it may appear abrupt in profile. The muzzle is clean-cut, broad throughout its length, and deep. Depth and length are approximately equal, the length from tip of nose to stop being less than from stop to occiput. The top of the muzzle is rounded, and the bridge, in profile, is straight or only slightly arched. Teeth meet in a scissors or level bite. Dropped lower incisors, in an otherwise normal bite, are not indicative of a skeletal malocclusion and should be considered only a minor deviation. NECK, TOPLINE, BODY The neck is strong and well set on the shoulders and is long enough for proud head carriage. The back is strong, broad, and muscular and is level from just behind the withers to the croup. The chest is full and deep with the brisket reaching at least down to the elbows. Ribs are well sprung, with the anterior third of the rib cage tapered to allow elbow clearance. The flank is deep. The croup is broad and slopes slightly. Tail--Tail set follows the natural line of the croup. The tail is broad at the base and strong. It has no kinks, and the distal bone reaches to the hock. When the dog is standing relazed, its tail hangs straight or with a slight curve at the end. When the dog is in motion or excited, the tail is carried out, but does not curl over the back. FOREQUARTERS Shoulders are muscular and well laid back. Elbows lie directly below the highest point of the withers. Forelegs are muscular, heavily boned, straight and parallel to each other, and the elbows point directly to the rear. The distance from elbow to ground equals about half of the dog's height. Pasterns are strong and slightly sloping. Feet are proportionate to the body in size, webbed, and cat foot in type. Dewclaws may be removed. HINDQUARTERS The rear assembly is powerful, muscular, and heavily boned. Viewed from the rear, the legs are straight and parallel. Viewed from the side, the thighs are broad and fairly long. Stifles and hocks are well bent and the line from hock to ground is perpendicular. Hocks are well let down. Hind feet are similar to the front feet. Dewclaws should be removed. COAT The adult Newfoundland has a flat, water-resistant, double coat that tends to fall back into place when rubbed against the nap. The outer coat is coarse, moderately long, and full, either straight or with a wave. The undercoat is soft and dense, although is is often less dense during the summer months or in warmer climates. Hair on the face and muzzle is short and fine. The backs of the legs are feathered all the way down. The tail is covered with long dense hair. Excess hair maly be trimmed for neatness. Whiskers need not be trimmed. COLOR Color is secondary to type, structure and soundness. Recognized Newfoundland colors are black, brown, gray, and white and black. SOLID COLORS Blacks, Browns, and Grays may appear as solid colors or solid colors with white at any, some or all, of the following locations: chin, chest, toes, and tip of tail. Any amount of white found at these locations is typical and is not penalized. Also typical are a tinge of bronze on a black or gray coat and lighter furnishings on a brown or gray coat. LANDSEER White base coat with black markings. Typically, the head is solid black, or black with white on the muzzle, with or without a blaze. There is a separate black saddle and black on the rump extending onto a white tail. Markings on either Solid Colors or Landseers, might deviate considerably from those described and should be penalized only to the extent of the deviation. Clear white or wiite with minimal ticking is preferred. Beauty of markings should be considered only when comparing dogs of otherwise comparable quality and never at the expense of type, structure and soundness. DISQUALIFICATIONS Any colors or combinations of colors not specifically described are disqualified. GAIT The Newfoundland in motion has good reach, strong drive, and gives the impression of efortless power. His gait is smooth and rhythmic, covering the maximum amount of ground with the minimum number of steps. Forelegs and hind legs travel straight forward. As the dog's speed increases, the legs tend toward single tracking. When moving a slight roll of the skin is characteristic of the breed. Essential to good movement is the balance to correct front and rear assemblies. TEMPERAMENT Sweetness of temperament is the hallmark of the Newfoundland; this is the most important single characteristic of the breed. Approved May 8, 1990 Effective June 28, 1990 What is the AKC parent club of the Newfoundland? The Newfoundland Club of America, Inc. In response to a request for information the following letter is sent: Thank you for your inquiry in which you request information concerning membership in the Newfoundland Club of America. Enclosed you will find a membership application, plus other literature for your consideration. The basic requirements for membership are a devotion to all Newfoundland dogs and a sincere interest in the betterment of the Newfoundland breed. The Newfoundland Club of America is nationwide and also includes members in Canada and other countries. The functions of the NCA include the maintenance of the breed Standard, the sponsoring of Newfoundland specialty show events, assistance and information on obedience training, water trials, draft tests, etc., and other services to members. The club's official publication, NEWF TIDE, is mailed to members four times yearly. Annual dues are $45.00 for a single membership, $50.00 for a double membership, and $10.00 for a junior (under 18 years) membership. Junior members may subscribe to NEWF TIDE for an additional $10.00 per year. Foreign members must pay a supplemental postage levy of $15.00 per annum. All applicants must be sponsored by two current NCA members. Applications are presented to the NCA Board of Directors for initial approval. Subsequently, appplicant's names are published in NEWF TIDE, and written comments on applicants are solicited from the membership for a period of 30 days following publication. This process may take as much as six months to complete. However, checks are deposited immediately. If you desire to join the Newfoundland Club of America, kindly complete this form and mail it to me, along with the $25.00 application fee and dues for the appropriate membership category. Yours very truly, Mary W. Price Membership Chairman Mrs. Robert M. Price 4908 Rolling Green Parkway Edina, Minnesota 55436 What does the application for NCA membership ask for? The Application for Membership contains the following blanks: Full Name: Street: City: State: Zip: Home Telephone: Occupation: Check the membership type: Single @ $45.00; Double @ $50.00; Junior (less than 18 years) @ $10.00; Junior, plus NEWF TIDE subscription @ $20.00. Amount enclosed, $25.00 application fee, plus Membership Dues, plus postage levy for foreigh membership @ $15.00; Total (in US Funds) This application for membership in the Newfoundland Club of America, Inc. must be accompanied by a $25.00 non-refundable application fee to cover processing costs, plus a deposit for the appropriate membership category. If, for any reason, the application is rejected, the deposit for dues will be refunded. I/we hereby apply for membership in the Newfoundland Club of America, Inc. I/we certify that no aliases have been used in prior dealings with the Newfoundland Club of America, Inc., or its members, and I/we certify that this application is being made under my/our legal name(s). I/we agree to abide by the Newfoundland Club of America Constitution, By-Laws and Ethics Guide. Date, Signature(s) of Applicant(s): Sponsored by 1) and 2) The signatures of two current NCA members are required. Note that sponsorships may be withdrawn at any time prior to final acceptance of the applications. This is followed by a section on the form for the use of the Secretary and Membership chairman. What are the Rescue and Regional club contacts? For the address of the Newf regional club nearest you, write to the NCA Corresponding Secretary, Lori Littleford, 173 South 13th Street, San Jose, CA 95112. The NCA Newfoundland Rescue committee is chaired by Mary L. Price in Mt. Horeb, WI. All the Newf Regional Clubs have Rescue networks as well. Contact Mary Price at 608-437-4553 for the Newfoundland Rescue group in your area. Where can I read more on Newfoundlands? The following books & video are available on the breed (see FAQ on Resources for ways to obtain these books): Newfoundland. Riley & McDonnell, 1985. Newfoundland, AKC Video, 22 min. Newfoundland Handbook. McDonnell & Riley, 1985. The New Complete Newfoundland. Chern, 1975. This is the Newfoundland. Drury, 1978. Newfoundland; Successful Water Training. Lehr, 1987. The Newfoundland, Joan C. Bendure, 1994. (Those of you who follow rec.pets.dogs will recognize the write up on Marget Johnson's Windwagon Newfoundlands on page 66.) Newfoundlands. Drury & Linn, 1989. Newfoundlands, Great Balls of Fur. Jager, 1992. Water Work, Water Play, Adler Be sure, also, to check out more general sources on training, nutrition, health, etc., as well as those FAQs. Don't have the following titles, but there is a puppy book by Adler, a draft book by Powell, and a backpacking book by Alan Riley that those interested in Newfies should know about. The Adler books are available directly from her and the backpacking and draft books have been seen at the dog shows. How does the color inheritance work in the Newfoundlands? The Solid Black is dominant, or BB. The Landseer is recessive to the solid black, or bb, and is the result of the piebald gene, which places the self-color on a white background. Solid Bronze is recessive to black, and the Solid Gray is a dilute of black. Care must be taken when matching dogs with recessive genes, as the piebald gene will result in a solid color and white dog. Where the solid color is black, the Landseer results, which is a color allowed by the standard. However, if dogs with Brown or Gray backgrounds are bred with a Landseer, the possible results are a Bronze and White or a Gray and White dog, both of which are explicitly disqualified in the standard. (Note that 'solid' color is considered by the standard to include some white.) What about playing roughhouse with the pup? DO NOT PLAY ROUGHHOUSE with your pup. It is so tempting, they look so much like little teddy bears & they can 'take it' and really enjoy it. The BIG PROBLEM is that your Newfie has no concept of his size or of growing larger. While it is really cute to have your puppy wrestle with you, dash around & throw body blocks at 25-30 pounds, it is no fun for the next 10 years at 150 pounds! Treat a Newfie puppy like it is a rare piece of porcelain or crystal, they really are a much more precious treasure. What about training? Be sure to sign up for and participate in obedience classes. Your Newf would benefit from puppy kindergarten, too. Don't expect him (her?) to have an attention span for the adult classes much before 6 months old. Definitely train him, however, well before a year. You need to know how to communicate your wishes to him and he is a WORKING DOG & will come alive when he is in a position to please you by behaving. It can be tough to get the highest marks in obedience trials, should you choose to go for the CD, CDX, etc., because the Newfies are not as 'snappy' on recall as the smaller dogs, but they do well and do really enjoy it. Be sure to dabble in the other pursuits that Newfies are especially suited to & enjoy: Rig up a cart for him to pull the kids around in (be sure to have some rigid harnessing so that the cart can't run up on his heels)-- BIG hit with the kids. Have them rig up an Indian-style travois & 'rescue' their friends. Make him a back pack & include him on all your hikes (just don't let him carry your sleeping bags, if you are hiking near water they WILL get wet.). Water trials are great fun & show your Newf's inherited lifeguard talents. What is Lord Byron's poem? I.e., what kind of love and loyalty do Newfies inspire in their owners? Inscription on the Monument of a Newfoundland Dog by Lord Byron When some proud son of man returns to earth Unknown to glory, but upheld by birth, The sculptur'd art exhausts the art of woe, And stoned urns record who rest below; When all is done, upon the tomb is seen, Not what he was, but what he should have been; But the poor Dog, in life the firmest friend, The first to wwelcome, foremost to defend; Whose honest heart is still his master's own, Who labours, fights, lives, breathes, for him alone Unhonour'd falls, unnoticed all his worth, Denied in Heaven the soul he held on earth; While man, vain insect! hopes to be forgiven, And claimls himself sole exclusive of Heaven! Oh, man! thou feeble tenant of an hour, Debas'd by slavery, or corrupt by power, Who knows thee well, must quit thee with disgust, Degraded mass of animated dust! By nature vile, ennobled but by name, Each kindred brute might bid thee blush for shame. Ye! who, perchance, behold this single Urn Pass on--it none you wish to mourn: To mark a Friend's remains these stones arise, I never knew but one, and here he lies. Newstead Abbey, November 30,1808 On one side of the pedestal supporting the antique urn he had inscribed: NEAR THIS SPOT ARE DEPOSITED THE REMAINS OF ONE WHO POSSESSED BEAUTY WITHOUT VANITY STRENGTH WITHOUT INSOLENCE COURAGE WITHOUT FEROCITY AND ALL THE VIRTUES OF MAN WITHOUT HIS VICES THIS PRAISE WHICH WOULD BE UNMEANING FLATTERY IF INSCRIBED OVER HUMAN ASHES IS BUT A JUST TRIBUTE TO THE MEMORY OF BOATSWAIN, A DOG WHO WAS BORN AT NEWFOUNDLAND, MAY 1803, AND DIED AT NEWSTEAD ABBEY, NOVEMBER 18, 1808. _________________________________________________________________ Newfoundland FAQ Sharon Hope, fullspec@kaiwan.com